CVE-2025-1686

Name: CVE-2025-1686
Creator: NVD / NIST
Published: 2025-02-27T05:15:14.143+00:00
License: https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/

MEDIUMCVSS 4.8/10EPSS 0.78%

Last modified Jun 17, 2026

CVE-2025-1686 is a medium-severity vulnerability rated 4.8/10 on the CVSS scale. Versions of the package io.pebbletemplates:pebble from 0 and before 4.1.0 are vulnerable to External Control of File Name or Path via the include tag. A high privileged attacker can access sensitive local files by crafting malicious notification templates that leverage this tag to include files like /etc/passwd or /proc/1/environ. Workaround This vulnerability can be mitigated by disabling the include macro in Pebble Templates: java new PebbleEngine.Builder() .registerExtensionCustomizer(new DisallowExtensionCustomizerBuilder() .disallowedTokenParserTags(List.of("include")) .build()) .build();. EPSS estimates a 0.78% chance of exploitation in the next 30 days.

Description

Versions of the package io.pebbletemplates:pebble from 0 and before 4.1.0 are vulnerable to External Control of File Name or Path via the include tag. A high privileged attacker can access sensitive local files by crafting malicious notification templates that leverage this tag to include files like /etc/passwd or /proc/1/environ. Workaround This vulnerability can be mitigated by disabling the include macro in Pebble Templates: java new PebbleEngine.Builder() .registerExtensionCustomizer(new DisallowExtensionCustomizerBuilder() .disallowedTokenParserTags(List.of("include")) .build()) .build();

Metrics

CVSS 3.1

4.9/10

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N

CVSS 4.0

4.8/10

CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:H/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X

EPSS Probability

0.78%

51.4th percentile

Probability of exploitation in the next 30 days. Learn more

Weakness Enumeration

Affected Software

Vendor	Product	Versions
Pebbletemplates	Pebble Templates	< 4.1.0

References

https://github.com/PebbleTemplates/pebble/commit/b3451c8f305a1a248fbcc2363fd307d0baaee329Patch
https://github.com/PebbleTemplates/pebble/issues/680Issue Tracking
https://github.com/PebbleTemplates/pebble/issues/688Issue Tracking, Vendor Advisory
https://pebbletemplates.io/wiki/tag/includeProduct
https://security.snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-JAVA-IOPEBBLETEMPLATES-8745594Exploit, Third Party Advisory
https://github.com/PebbleTemplates/pebble/pull/715Issue Tracking, Patch
https://security.snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-JAVA-IOPEBBLETEMPLATES-8745594Exploit, Third Party Advisory

Timeline

Published: Feb 27, 2025
Last Modified: Jun 17, 2026
Status: Analyzed

Frequently Asked Questions

What is CVE-2025-1686?

How severe is CVE-2025-1686?

CVE-2025-1686 has a CVSS score of 4.8/10 (MEDIUM severity). The EPSS model estimates a 0.78% probability of exploitation in the next 30 days.

How do I fix CVE-2025-1686?

Check the vendor references and advisories linked above for patched versions and mitigation guidance. You can also run a Strix scan to test if your systems are affected.

Are you affected by CVE-2025-1686?

Run a free Strix scan to check your systems for this vulnerability.

Scan your code now

Source: NVD / NIST